The Significance of Vegetarianism in India and Why Veganism May Never Fully Take Root

India is home to the world’s largest vegetarian population, with vegetarianism deeply ingrained in its culture, religion, and way of life. For centuries, it has shaped not only the country's diet but also its identity, fostering a unique culinary heritage where plants take centre stage. Despite this, the shift to veganism—a lifestyle that excludes all animal products—has been slow to gain momentum.

HOLY COW!

Everyone has some idea that cows are worshipped in India, which is often used as a mockery but there is a significant story behind this belief. Cows are considered holy in India primarily due to their association with Hindu mythology and the principle of ahimsa (non-violence). In Hinduism, the cow is seen as a symbol of nurturing and motherhood, often referred to as "Gaumata" (mother cow). This reverence stems from its ability to provide sustenance in the form of milk and its derivatives like ghee, yogurt, and butter, which are integral to Indian diets and religious rituals. In Hindu scriptures, the cow is linked to several deities, particularly Lord Krishna, who is often depicted as a cowherd, and Kamadhenu, the divine cow that grants wishes. Protecting cows is also seen as a moral duty in Hindu culture, embodying the values of compassion and harmony with nature. This sacred status has made cows a central figure in religious rituals, festivals, and daily life in India.

Lord Krishna with butter

The Roots of Vegetarianism in India

Vegetarianism in India is not just a dietary choice; it is a philosophy tied to the principle of ahimsa (non-violence), which is central to Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. Ancient texts like the Vedas extol the virtues of a plant-based diet, associating it with purity, spirituality, and compassion.

Jains, for instance, avoid not only meat but also root vegetables like onions and garlic, as their harvest might harm insects or microorganisms. Hindus, particularly those from Brahmin or Vaishnavite traditions, also embrace vegetarianism as a way to live in harmony with all creatures.

This ethos is reflected in iconic vegetarian dishes like dal, sabzi, and idli, which combine simplicity with profound flavour, proving that plants alone can sustain and delight.

The Role of Dairy in Indian Culture

While vegetarianism is deeply rooted, dairy is equally revered in India, making the transition to veganism particularly challenging. Milk and its derivatives—yogurt, ghee, paneer, and butter—are not merely ingredients but symbols of prosperity and divinity.

In Hindu mythology, Lord Krishna's love for butter and milkmaids (gopis) is celebrated in countless stories and festivals. Milk is also central to religious rituals, used to bathe idols and prepare prasad (offerings to deities).

Culturally, dairy signifies nurturing and abundance. A meal without yogurt or ghee is often considered incomplete, with ghee itself hailed as "liquid gold" for its supposed health benefits and spiritual purity.

Why Veganism Faces Challenges in India

Cultural Significance of Dairy

The deep emotional and religious attachment to dairy makes veganism feel like a rejection of tradition. For many, dairy consumption is not seen as cruelty but as a symbiotic relationship with animals, especially in rural areas where cows and buffaloes are part of the family. The way of harvesting milk in many villages and small towns is through love and care. Nonetheless, commercial dairies are prioritising the use of automated machines and cruel practices.

Economic Dependency

India's dairy industry supports millions of farmers, particularly in rural regions. Campaigns for veganism risk being perceived as a threat to their livelihoods, making it harder to gain widespread acceptance. Cows are a big part of many families' net worths.

Traditional Cooking

Indian cuisine relies heavily on dairy for its flavour and texture. A probioitic drink, lassi, or a bowl of yogurt is essential after every meal: dairy is integral. While plant-based alternatives like almond milk and soy yogurt exist, they struggle to replicate the authentic taste and affordability of their dairy counterparts.

Perception of Veganism as Western

For many Indians, veganism is seen as a Western import, disconnected from India’s own ancient traditions. Unlike vegetarianism, which is embraced as indigenous and spiritual, veganism lacks this cultural resonance.

A Hybrid Future?

While veganism may not replace vegetarianism in India, a hybrid approach could emerge. Increasing awareness of animal welfare and environmental concerns is prompting urban Indians to explore plant-based alternatives. Innovations in vegan-friendly Indian recipes and products like cashew-based "paneer" or coconut milk yogurt could bridge the gap.

However, for veganism to resonate, it must find its place within India’s cultural narrative, respecting the values of community, tradition, and sustainability that define the Indian way of life.

India's vegetarian heritage is a testament to the power of plants in sustaining health, culture, and ethics. While the country may never fully embrace veganism, its rich history of compassion and adaptability suggests a willingness to evolve—on its own terms.